The problems of the monetary and banking structure، especially the existence of chronic inflation in Iran's economy, have caused the alternative theories of the existing monetary and banking structure to receive much attention in the academic and elite environment. One of the alternative theories that tries to present itself as an Islamic theory is the theory of Gold money. This theory, which is derived from the theories of the Austrian school of economists, has been accepted by some Muslim scholars. In the book "An introduction to the theory of Gold money: The Monetary System of Modern Islamic Civilization", the dimensions of this theory and operational system for the implementation of the Gold money system have been expressed. This article has criticized Gold money theory with an analytical and descriptive method، focusing on the claims made in the above book. The conclusion is reached that the theorists of this theory could not explain their claims in all three parts of proving: 1) proving the Islamic nature of “Gold money” based on school principals; 2) the operational processes of Gold money and 3) the proof of the efficiency of this method compared to fiat money. It seems that their major problem is the lack of the proper understanding of a monetary structure based on Gold.

Two theories have prevailed in the economic literature about the origins of money. According to the commodity theory of money, money has spontaneously emerged from the barter economy. In credit theory of money, since money is defined as an abstract unit of measurement, the origin of money coincides with the origin of writing. Credit money theory shows that the first standardized money of account emerged from ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece due to the need for accounting records of payments and receipts of the central institution (government-temple). Once the general unit of account is established, credits and liabilities can be called in monetary units, thus we can reach the historical origins of money. This paper uses analytical-descriptive and documentary research methods to explain the incorrect reasons of the commodity theory of money. Eventually, the origin of money is expressed from the point of view of the credit theory of money.JEL Classification: E40, B52, N00, N10, N20

The purpose of this paper is to apply the system dynamics approach to forecasting the price of Gold in Iran, identify the factors affecting the price of Gold and simulate the trend of the impact of monetary policy on the price of Gold in the period 1405-2010. The simulation is performed with Wenzim software. In different scenarios, the present paper simulates the change in liquidity volume, consumer price index and bank interest rates on the Gold market. The results show that the price of Gold is not only affected by the global ounce price and the value of the dollar, but also the control of liquidity and curbing inflation will play a significant role in stabilizing the Gold market. The results confirm that the volume of liquidity and the consumer price index have a direct impact and a significant role in increasing the price of Gold. The findings also show that changes in bank interest rates have no effect on changes in Gold prices.

One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

money is the carrier of value which is created through a two-way process and is influenced by market and state. Since money carries value, all economic variables that have value can be carried or represented by money. State without market and market without state are unable to create money. Therefore, money is a phenomenon with two agents. This article, after reviewing the related literature on the nature, role and function of money, examines existing monetary views and their inability to interpret the widespread changes in the types of currencies used in economic history. It observes that there is no theoretical unity in definition, in form, in role and in the origin of money in the economy. Then, it presents a combinatorial theory with the help of value theory to cope with these monetary changes that is able to reduce the dispersion of money-related issues, and to explain more clearly money’ s function, role and origin by introducing a central concept for it. The new theory combines two concurrent views regarding the creation of money which consider its origin to be either market or state. money manifests itself in the economy in three forms; first, the state money created by the central bank, second, the endogenous money (bank money) created by the money markets, and finally, the exchange money (calculating money) which is created by the real markets. Each form has its own nature and function.

Usually the role of expectations in money demand function is raised. One of parameters that influences money demand is inflation and it reduces money demand level. Inflation in the economy is a function of other variables, including expectations. Inflationary expectations in the economy can be shaped as adaptive or rational. By this article, we test these concepts and show the function of money demand based on expectations, and report its estimations. As the results indicate the adaptive expectation describe better the demand function for money and it is a function of production level and inflation rate in Iran.